Its All About the Law Paper Essay

Many states fail when it comes to providing policies that support the rights of English Language Learners. According to Quality Counts 2009, only New York, Florida and Arizona mandate that teachers receive training on how to work with English Language Learners. Research shows that approximately eleven states offer incent for incentives for teachers to get bilingual credentials. Certain states offer policies that try to stop the process for teachers and support staff to assist students in keeping an attachment to their native languages. In 2009, Quality Counts asserted that, seven states—Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, placed bans or restrictions on the use of native-language instruction with English Language Learners. Citizens in these states however are voting to bring about a change. As it was quoted by Judge William Douglass, â€Å"Under these state-imposed standards there is no equality of treatment merely by provid ing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers, and curriculum; for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. We know that those who do not understand English are certain to find their classroom experiences wholly incomprehensible and in no way meaningful.†(Wright 2010). The Massachusetts English Language Education in Public Schools Initiative, which some call Quest, was approved in Massachusetts. The Objective of Question 2 was to have ESL students be immersed into learning English by requiring all their subjects in English. In addition to the fast track curriculum, students would be placed in English language classrooms. Students that could not successfully complete assignments in English and whom could not speak English would go through a year long sheltered English immersion program. If and when the student is able to complete schoolwork in English, the student would then transition into an English language mainstream classroom. (http://www.ballotpedia.org). Ron Unz is the individual responsible for Proposition 203 in Arizona. Also referred to as the Unz initiative, proposition 203, is a proposal that 63% of Arizona citizens voted for on November 7, 2000. Proposition 203 minimizes the amount of instruction available to English language students. Because of a shortage in bilingual teachers the freedom that Arizona schools once had in educating English Language Learners has been reduced. The resolve to this issue is again a rapid English immersion program. According to the legislative program, parents or guardians of English Language Learners can request for their children to sit out of the English Immersion Program under these specific circumstances. The circumstances were as followed: If it could be proven that the child already knows English, if the child is older than grade school age or if the child is identified as having special needs. (Wright 2005) In Colorado, Amendment 31 was the initiative placed in front of citizens to vote on. Colorado’s proposal was on the November 2002 ballot as a constitutional amendment. To the dismay of ESL Learners, the initiative was not accepted. The law, if accepted, would make it mandatory for all public school students to have to learn their schoolwork in English, unless otherwise exempted. According to the website ballotpedia.org, it would be required for school districts to identify (with evidence) English learners, and to test their English proficiency once a year. Consequently, stakeholders established programs to educate ESL students English skills. This was necessary to participate in a school’s regular educational program. Over 70,000 public school students, or approximately nine percent of Colorado’s public school enrollment, qualified as an English learner. (ballotpedia.org) The types of programming English Language Learners received are as followed. English Language Learners received assistance through one of the following options: 1. English as a Second Language: Students are taught mainly or entirely in English with some native tongue assistance. 2. Bilingual education programs- English Language Learners are taught in their native language how to learn English 3. Dual language programs or dual immersion programs: Subjects are taught in two languages in order to develop proficiency in both languages. Requirements for this program is that these programs must be fluent in English or be English learners. In closing, in analyzing the three different state proposed legislatures of Colorado, Arizona and Massachusetts, they are all similar in objective. The difference is that Colorado initiative was not accepted. The similarity of three initiatives is that they were all fighting for English Immersion classes for English Language Learners. The English for the Children campaign was spear headed or supported in California, Arizona and Massachusetts by Ron Unz. In some states the percentages of English Language Learners is great in volume. Thus ESL they would ultimately benefit from the initiatives the most. References Colorado English Amendment 31(2002). Retrieved October 17, 2012. http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Colorado_English,_Amendment_31_%28200 Massachusetts English in Public Schools Initiative, Question 2 (2002 .Retrieved October 16, 2012 .www.ballotpedia.org/†¦/Massachusetts_English_in_Public_Schools_I†¦ Wright, W.E. (2005). The political spectacle of Arizona’s Proposition 203. Educational Policy, 19,662-700.

Myth and the Evolution of Heroes

What is a hero? What comes to your mind when someone speaks of heroes and or heroines or Super Heroes and Heroines for that matter? Well lets see, Webster defines a super hero as a benevolent fictional character with superhuman powers and a hero as a person, typically a man, who is admired or idealized for their courage and outstanding achievements, and is typically identified as a person of noble qualities. A person who people will sympathize with. A man of the people. Or, the people’s champion if you will.These character types are often used in media and education and can be applied to almost any story, be it in literature, theatre, film, television series, games, or whatever. In classical mythology we find some of the first of many accounts of these Hero’s. In all actuality they could be called the first super hero’s. Although they did not have the superpowers that we come to expect from modern day super hero’s they still make the cut. And in many ways the heroes of legend could be what you would expect from (and I do use this loosely) real superheroes.See the births, backgrounds, and life’s of these characters are a bit more on the adult side of the movie store so to speak. They tend to reflect that of real people and real life. Not the real life that is watered down and boxed and fed to kids but the hard life and reality that we all come to realize is reality the more we grow up. Their stories are that of struggle, humility, sacrifices, and all that trial and tribulation that you have come to know and loathe through out the years.But at the same time they stick with the layout that, as though given to them of Russian scholar Vladimir Propp. See Propp broke down almost all myth with the publication of â€Å"Morphology of the Folk tale†. In this publication he depicted that all folk tales follow what is essentially a predefined course of action for almost all stories. Oddly enough this is still relevant to this day. A summary of which is the following: The hero usually has a birth that is very out of the normal. And from the moment of his birth he usually undergoes and over comes a threat to his life as a small child.As he grows up he usually under goes an extreme task and or an extreme amount of small tasks that for some reason or another he feels or is expected of him to prove his worth. Or these tasks maybe forces upon the hero by the antagonist. Usually these task are almost impossible and the hero then begins to meet friends and ally’s that aid him on his quest. These quests usually involve all type of thrills chills and of course the possibility of death for our hero. (Come on what epic story would be complete with out that? Also these quests always come with some sort of taboos that the hero must not do. They usually exist in the form of challenges that conflict’s with the up bringing of the character. Upon the over coming of that challenge the hero usually grows up, if the ir a kid you start to see where the hero is growing up. This concept is generally really popular with the long running cartoon stories of kids and helps the viewer learn right along side our protagonist. The viewer then grows with them and grows up with the character themselves learning life lessons.This is a good and bad thing. Because of this in modern society we have generations of children raised by stories as such. For some odd reason I guess lazy parents have taken these stories as alternatives to raising their children themselves. Ultimately death is the ultimate conquest that the hero will end up facing. This usually comes in the form of some journey to the underworld or realm of the dead or whatever they choose to call it. In some instances the hero actually dies and is resurrected.I know of a few stories where the hero dies and is resurrected numerous times symbolic of the conquest over death or maybe just the mocking of it to show off the heroes might. That not even death can stop them. From this point the hero then usually reaches a point of enlightenment or transcends into a higher being. This is a rough summary of Propp’s outline but most stories and heroes of legend commit to it. For example one of the most notable of extraordinary births is Perseus. Zeus got a hold of his mother while she was locked up in an underground chamber.After his birth his mother raised him there for four years in secret. After Acrisius discovered the birth of the child he put him and his mother in their coffin for an old sea man’s burial. They set a float until they landed on the island of Seriphos and were discovered by the old fisherman Dictys. Even when the hero’s are young or in some cases in there infancy they under go tribulation. Like Oedipus who’s name means â€Å"swollen-footed†. This is cause his feet were tied together when he was a baby so that he may never walk.He was to fulfill a prophecy that said he would kill his fath er and marry his mother, and thus brought disaster on his city and family. So he was supposed to be casted out into the wilderness and left to die. Fortune favors the young hero and he is eventually taken in and cared for until he comes of age and has Propp’s states must under go labors to prove his worth. The growing pains of Heracles’ 12 labors are probably the most famous in all of classical myth. The labors of the character’s journey are what transform the protagonist from joe-shmo to our loveable and courage’s hero.The meat and potatoes of the story, for it is here where they evolve into the hero. Cause their actions usually start from seemingly mundane but upon the completion of their mission they gain the praise of the people. In most cased because they end up saving a city, or a massive amount of people from destruction. Or a young woman of noble birth that resides, as say a princess of a powerful city. In some really basic stories after the compl etion of this the hero becomes king or just saves the day and wins the girl and then lives happily ever after.In others the end of the labors are signified by the defeat of the antagonist. Like the killing of Hector by Achilles. Some of my favorites are when upon the conclusion of the finale the hero dies. I know that sound kind of bad but the ending is more real because in these versions just as in real life there isn’t always a happy ending. Usually is these epics the hero is transformed into a legend and revered because of his ultimate sacrifice. Best example of this is Oedipus. He had worked his way into the Gods favor and upon his death Colonus was blessed.And through his death he was made into a hero once again. This motif is all to familiar to Christians for it is capstone for their believe structure. Theses allegories of myth show us how heroes come to be and through Propp’s illustration of all folktale template we see the underlying structure of all stories. A nd the evolution of all heroes.Works Cited Morford, Mark P. O and Roberet Lenardon. Classical Mythology 8th ed. New York: Oxford 2007. â€Å"Vladimir Propp† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. July 07, 2010. .

Hume's Philosophy about reason and Passion Essay

Hume's Philosophy about reason and Passion - Essay Example Hume’s philosophy about Reason & Passion David Hume was a historian & philosopher in the mid of 18th century from Scotland. Born on May 7, 1711 & died on August 25, 1776, Hume was one of the most important philosophers of that time & is regarded with many great western philosophers of modern times. He was famous for his philosophical ideas about human empiricism & skepticism. He purposed the ideas of passion that they drive human beings rather than logical reasoning or thinking. Hence he was a contemporary of Rene Descartes, a French philosopher of 17th century, who argued that human mind is a thinking thing & it follows the logical reasoning about everything. Hume was strongly opposed to this idea of presenting human minds & he tried to establish a new & natural science about psychology of human nature. In his famous publication â€Å"A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects†, he argued that the real force which is responsible for all human activities is their desires or passions about something. Whenever anyone tends to pull towards something, it may be money or a loved one or anything else; he makes every possible chance to accomplish the goals. Reason cannot be wholly or completely the driving force, it is a part of passion or in Hume’s own words, â€Å"a slave of passions†. ... The knowledge which humans take by their experience helps them to decide what is right & what is wrong for them. In the lights of all these combined perceptions, anyone becomes able to find the right way towards success & achievements. He regarded passions as the treatment of free wills & emotions & that the moral ethics are based upon the feelings not upon the moral principles. According to him humans do not bother any kind of rules when it comes to a peculiar situation, neither they follow the logical reasoning according to the circumstances, but they follow their instincts & senses & behave accordingly. Unless the passion is not build on any false concepts, like such thing which do not have any existence, for example fear from ghosts or such things which usually don’t come in our way; it is the thing which determines what to do & what not. Hence passion can never be unreasonable since every person has his/her own logics to justify his/her passion about anything or anyone (H ume. 1739). Many scholars of that time harshly condemned this idea of Hume. They said that it is impossible not to have any kind of moral ethics or a set of rules described for the humans. In this way, any human being will do whatever he/she will want & the world will become a place where only desires are fulfilled at any cost. This also goes in the opposite way of religion since it addresses not to obey only passions but moral ethics & reasons determine one’s path to follow. They also claim the text to be very abstract & meaningless & as a combination of jumbled words. However, many scholars & philosophers of today’s time also consider his treatise a modern work in philosophy & name him as

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 46

Assignment Example 30). Many advantages accrue from accessing data and all the information from the cloud. Such advantages are reduced hardware and software requirements for the users. With a user interface software in place on the users’ computer, they can fully access all the requirements from the cloud. Most information and technology experts agree that, there lacks a single comprehensive definition to what cloud computing is. Each definition offered for the cloud compound may be right but does not fully exhaust the integral components that make up cloud computing. As far as the definition of cloud computing may be right, they may leave out important aspects that characterize cloud computing (Armbrust et al. 20). Due to lack of well-defined standards for connecting computer systems (hardware and software) needed to make a working cloud computing, many companies offering the services define it in their way. Despite the varying interpretation of cloud computing, they all have the following basi c components (Friedman 45-50); Cloud computing is always off-premise. The services are hosted away from the clients’ premises of the service provider’s location. The services are delivered over the public internet with all processing taking place outside the company network (this includes physical and securities barriers). Cloud computing is characterized by elasticity dictated by the service provider. It defines the extent to which resources can be scaled up or down rapidly depending on the end-users requirements for a given organization. Flexible billing plans characterize cloud computing of any platform. The billing of services rendered to the client for cloud computing is based on a variety of factors such as on-demand services and other forms of charging customers. Billing customers may take the form of subscription or consumption

How the rapid evolution of technology and our utilization of it can Essay

How the rapid evolution of technology and our utilization of it can affect and change our identities - Essay Example While most of us believe that loss of anonymity is not good for us, some consider a loss of anonymity as a benefit to the society. The paper tries to answer this question, â€Å"Are there any possible benefits of anonymity?† Giving so much of our information on the Internet does not affect us badly as some people might think. There seem to be more benefits of being open that promoting the anonymity. It evidence from what happened to Egypt immediately before Hosni Mubarak was removed from power. Social networks such as Facebook and twitter are the most visited sites. The users give out their information on the essence that they will improve interaction with others. However, critics argue that giving out too much of our personal information is not good. Their argument is not true, Singers acknowledges that â€Å"with some social standards, the more people do something, the less risky it becomes for each individual† (463). In addition, social networks are beneficial to the society especially the under-privilege as in the case of Egyptians. Despite the view of many that we are losing our anonymity through social networks such as Facebook, the Egyptians and other Arabs benefited. They used online plat form to protest against their corrupt governments (Singer 464). As in the case of drivers, their anonymity makes them aggressive towards other people especially the other drivers. According to Vanderbilt, the consideration by drivers that they are anonymous or the anonymity of other drivers make them act roughly on the road. In addition, any mess on the road by the drivers that result to respond from other drivers result to anger â€Å"†¦we gesture violently or honk-a noise the offending driver might misinterpret† (487). The negative response from the other driver is due to the anonymity, â€Å"You can see but you can’t be heard† (Vanderbilt 488). The existence of anonymity is beneficial to drivers because they express themselves in any way. A scenario on

Geographical Differentials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geographical Differentials - Research Paper Example Even a cursory overview of unemployment rates within the United States reveals the fact that unemployment is ultimately tied to a lack of infrastructure development, a lack of resources, and oftentimes a lack of educational achievement on the part of the individuals that live within a given region.   As such, the â€Å"why† and the â€Å"where† for unemployment within the United States can ultimately be answered through such an approach.  Ã‚   However, as was discussed within the introduction, the â€Å"what† of unemployment is perhaps the more effective question to answer. In seeking to answer the what of unemployment, the reader must focus upon the fact that unemployment in and of itself does not only mean a lack of opportunity, it also has a direct level of connotation with the lack of ability to engage in work. Through such an understanding, unemployment can also have the tangential definition of the physical and/or psychological unpreparedness of the ind ividual, or, in the worst case of all, a lack of motivation and/or laziness that prohibits them from engaging in useful work. Evidence of the way in which each of these factors can impact upon unemployment rates can be seen with regards to Elkhart, Indiana. Although it Elkhart, Indiana can oftentimes be understood as indicative of nearly any city within the United States, it is unique due to the fact that it has built its economy almost entirely upon the production of recreational vehicles; and industry that took one of the hardest and most definitive economic.

Maths ans. to Two of the Big questions posed by the New Science [dated Article

Maths ans. to Two of the Big questions posed by the New Science [dated 18th November 2006] re creating an objective way of viewing the world and a identity for - Article Example I have just completed a seven year research project exploring the idea of using the natural symbolic / mathematical properties of language to construct an objective technique for thinking about and viewing the world as a commonly experienced and quantifiable reality. I feel that my research goes hand in hand in solving the Two of the Big Questions posited, "What is Realty?" by Penrose and "What is Consciousness?" by Broks My proposed solutions to these questions along with appropriate quotes from the article sections are included. These responses stem from my research and are presented first in statement form as feasible answers to these queries and second in tabular / mathematical form in the included Appendices. After a careful study of patterns within language, I formulated a concept that would relate these patterns to SET theory, the fundamental concept in mathematics wherein all members have the same characteristics. My mathematical degree allows me to think objectively when relating seemingly subjective viewpoints of the world and reality. I believe that this mathematical approach to the perception of reality is the "Holy Grail" that Professor Penrose has been looking for. He states, "To address the nature of reality we need to understand its connection to consciousness and mathematics" (38). Furthermore, "We have to understand the connection between physical reality, conscious mentality and the wonderful world of mathematics" (2). This mathematical approach is reflected throughout my research and my responses here are actually a small, but important, part of the entire project. "Can we be sure that the world we experience is not a figment of our imaginations?" (Penrose 32). The supposition of my research states that it is possible to attain an objective, and thereby universal, way of perceiving the world / reality. Penrose goes on to ask, "Should we not

Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism - Research Paper Example The united states need to use the all the tools, that are at its disposal including the international diplomacy, corporation and constructive engagement to economic sanctions in order to convert physical security and military force towards eliminating the vice. Therefore, this paper examines the international terrorist action and threats in the United States of America and the country’s response to the same. However, some countries like Iran seems to support and sponsor terrorism as their main specter for proliferation of weapons. Survey has also shown that Al Qaeda terrorist group has attempted to acquire biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. Thus, the stake for war with the international terrorism is increasing becoming difficult and the margins for terror as well to select the appropriate policy to prevent the terrorists’ attacks (Hamilton 381). The United States policy towards eliminating the international terrorism has more of military significant componen t as in the case with Iraq. The major concern over this global phenomenon is how to maximize international cooperation and support that is unduly compromising. The state department is to release its annual report on terrorism. From the prior expectation, the current report carries more and advanced patterns of terrorism than earlier editions. The United States has set strategic approach in its anti-terrorist plan. These plans revolve around defeating the terrorist as a major source of threat to human life. The country also aims at providing an environment that is hospitable free of terrorism across the globe. Through this plan, the United States seeks to enhance the existing national strategy for combating terrorist across the world. The US must engage in realm of ideas that are in conjunction with the ongoing efforts to protect and defect the homeland against any form of terrorist attack (Gordon 79). International terrorism is increasingly becoming a threat to the United States bot h in its foreign and domestic security. Timing and target of the terrorist to the U.S. may directly affect its effort in controlling and preserving commerce on nuclear proliferation of the Middle East peace process. The radical Islamic groups have sought to exploit economic and the political tensions of the Asian countries. Their sole aim for this attack is to overthrow the secular regimes more so in the countries with large Muslim populations (Krueger 16). The main perception is that these groups are a main threat to the United States policy objectives. The report on Iran as the most active sponsor for terrorism has forced the United States to lay some strategic plans against Middle East countries. The report cites Pakistan as one of the most important partners of the United States on the war against the world terrorism. Pakistan securities services cooperate closely with the U.S.to eliminate terrorism. Sudan and Libya have currently collaborated with the United States in the globa l war on terror. Currently, the terrorism has assumed new characteristics of ideological movements thus; fight against it must be a hard task. The much intelligence conducted on terrorist show that, today, most of the terrorism is done on the United States (Jessie and Kinney 705). The terrorist sanctuaries are within the cities or democratic societies. Countries

Technological Advancements in Communication Essay Example for Free

Technological Advancements in Communication Essay Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following questions based on â€Å"Superhero in the Cubicle† in the Electronic Reserve Readings: Q: What technological advancements in communication were discussed in the article? The technological communication advancements discussed in the article, ‘Superhero in the Cubicle’, were IBM Lotus Connections by Big Blue, Smartsheet from Smartsheet.com, Web 2.0 Mashup Server software by Kapow Technology, and Near Time, and Confulence form Atlassian used by John Hopkins University students. Q: Choose two (2) communication types and compare and contrast them. How could these be used in your workplace? IBM Lotus Connections and Near-Time share similarities in enabling the users to blog, wiki, and mashup because these collaborative Web technology tools are equipped with the social computing abilities. Both of these advanced technological tools are both easy to install, without any IT’s assistance, and inexpensive (economical). Near-Time allows the users to sort out the information source and develop new informal channels; in contrast, IBM Lotus Connections does not allow users the same information sorting and creating functions. Making use of these advanced technological tools for wiki, store and retrieve data, and blogging seems practical and beneficial at my workplace; however, my job does not always need these highly developed technological devices to accomplish the work goals. Q: Do these technological advancements in communication follow what is traditionally considered business communication? Why? Although the present business environment adapts to itself to the highly and rapidly changing setting, I do not think these technological advancements in communication mentioned in the article follow the traditionally considered business communication yet. According to the article, it is evident that  these advanced communication tools are present in the current business environment; numerous businesses do not seem to accept and utilize all the tools included in the article to operate their everyday business activities. Perhaps, many businesses, small and big, still consider these advanced tools as the novel commodities. In addition, some companies may still consider these collaborative tools as high maintenance products because the employees may need to spend extra time to become proficient with the technology; thus, the companies may find these tools as a cause for extra expenses that cannot be included in their budget. Reference Axia College of University of Phoenix. (2010). Superhero in the cubicle. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from Axia College, Week Three reading, aXcess, XCOM285-Essentials of Managerial Communication Course Web site.

Concepts of Project Management Theories

Concepts of Project Management Theories Projects within the context of product development are temporary, divine, unique, and transient. Irrespective of the different latitude of goal requirement for any organisation, either to conduct organisational change or to create competitiveness from product innovation, the gravity of the challenges encountered was inevitable and attributable to the consequences of diversity, uncertainty (risk), complexity, urgency and integration of the project. To cope with these, much of the established theory and practices emanates from the conventional methodology of PM which was used as a framework of reference. This method is driven to be linear, analytic, reductionistic, deterministic, goal-oriented or waterfall approach. The presumption of this conventional approach is defined by a set of related reductionism of activities (such as work breakdown structure (WBS), cost breakdown structure (CBS), product breakdown structure (PBS) and et cetera) and sequential procedures in which were claimed to be adequately predicted the success rate of projects. Conversely, in most cases, especially complicated, uncertain and complex projects, the conventional PM method consistently exhibits high levels in failure rate in a project-oriented company such as Li Fung (LF). Against this background, an overview of the LFs projects in the context of product development processes that was underpinned by the conventional PM framework was undertaken. An example of an obscure, uncertain and complex project which demonstrated failure in achieving the project goal was presented. This lead to a universal consensus that another new approach has to be deployed in order to achieve high levels of success rate. Align with this setting, evidence can be seen in the development of a holistic and systemic PM in the context of product development such as complex adaptive system (CAS). CAS is characterised by apparent complex behaviour that come to light as a result of non-linear property, spatio-temporal interaction among a large number of component system at different levels of the organisation. CAS also exhibits dynamic properties that could evolve, adapt to the environment. Together, these attributes and characteristic can be associated and established as a valuable construct in the defining, managing and understanding of the project development practices and can help projects be more successful. Ultimately, a conclusion can be drawn that CAS could be beneficial and it can provide the flexibility in managing complexity and uncertainty in product development more successful. The findings also suggest a limitation on the application of the CAS to the context of product development projects. From the evolution to the revolution of the project management (PM) (Morris, PWG, 2013), projects are considered the ubiquitous driving force of organisations to improve its performance regardless of tangible or intangible value (Geraldi J, et.al., 2011; McCarthy P.et.al.,2006). Nonetheless, projects within the context of product developments (PD) in a product-oriented company are imperative to create differentiation and core competency from its competitors. Such importance stimulates the development of a plethora of frameworks and practices (Anderson, et.al, 2005) in order to improve our understanding of PD projects, processes and the management. To support such notion, there are two well-known frameworks which are claimed to be the best practices Bodies of Knowledge (Project Management Institute (PMI), APM, 2008) as well as the UKs Office of Government Commerce standard (PRINCE2) (Aritua B, et.al., 2008). Collectively, these cascade a universal framework for organisational practic es in term of the method, techniques and tools as remedies for implementing successful projects (Geraldi J, et.al, 2011; Vidal LA, et.al., 2008). Conversely, a paucity of success rate can be observed on projects by adopting the conventional PM method (Atkinson R, 1999) and performance improvement is perceived to be elusive (Geraldi J, et. al, 2011). According to the Bodies of Knowledge (PMI, 2008), a project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. Consequently, it represents an effort to explore a new horizon. Due to the characteristics of projects unique, divine, novelty, finite, transient, multi-disciplinary, complex, dynamic and high risk, (PMI, 2008) has delineated a structural dimension with two components of approaches the product life cycles (PLC) and the management process. The PLC consists of five-step processes ranging from inception stage, feasibility, design, execution and completion stage (waterfall approach). At each stage of the project, it is required to follow a management process which comprises planning, control, organise and implement the process (PMBOKÂ ® Guide, 4th Ed 2008, p. 78). Predominantly, these methodologies are analytic, systematic, descriptive, linear, structured, sequential approach (Aritua B, et. al, 2007; McCarthy IP, et. al, 2006). Due t o the linearity property of the frameworks, the conventional PM can be conceived as an ordered, sequential and relative predictable predetermined sets of activities and dependencies (Bonner, et.al, 2002; Levardy V, et.al, 2009). Additionally, the conventional approach also makes an insidious assumption about the goal of a PD project that is known and fixed (Levardy V, et. al., 2009). By contrast, in most cases of the PDs goals and destination are rarely distinguishable, obscure and undetermined. Above and beyond, some complex factors such as elements of flexibility, uncertainty (risk), informality, feedback (interdependency and interrelationship) and autonomy might influence the project have been discounted (McCarthy IP, et. al, 2006, p. 438). These restraints may inhibit the projects ability to reach a goal. And yet, these methods are fairly well-suited to managing an isolated single project (Aritua B, et.al, 2007) and lower level of uncertainty (Kapsali M, 2011). To encapsulate, t he conventional methods of PM in term of PD deliver less value in defining, understanding, and managing complex, multi-disciplinary, ambiguous, uncertain and complicated projects. Against this background, a new holistic approach known as Complexity Adaptive System (CAS) has caught the momentary attention and it has been increasingly used as a lens to understand the complexity of the project development (Levardy V, et.al., 2009) especially in the realm of product development (PD) (McCarthy IP, et.al., 2006). In brief, Complex Adaptive System (CAS) defines to a complex system with an adaptive element that displays complex behaviour. With this introduction, the structure of this article is as follows. First, it provides an overview of the project-oriented organisation Li Fung (LF)s projects setting within the context of the organisational setting in project development. An illustration of a project called Battery-operated maker was outlined. Then, in the literature review, both Linear and CAS framework will be defined and elucidated in detail. Comparison between both will be delineated. Next, the recommendation to be provided. Finally, the article concludes by encapsulating the findings. Different business organisation-specific proposition will influence the multi-variant of project activities. Correspondingly, Li Fung (LF) is a global supply chain organisation that commend one stop supply-chain solutions for product design development, material sourcing, factory evaluation, production, manufacturing and quality control, as well as inbound and outbound global logistic (LF.com.hk, 2017). PM essentially is the lynchpin of the organisation to innovate and to change in accordance with the contemporary business need and the ever-changing market environment. Archetypally, the most salient characteristic of LF project complexity superimposed with Baccarini (1996) definition in term of organisational complexity (related to organisational hierarchical structure, levels, specialization et cetera) and technology complexity (associated with the operation, characteristic of material and knowledge). Herein the elements of complexity invariably induce complexes and complicatedness on the project. Against this setting, LF typified a PM methodology in which underpinned primarily on the conventional PMBOKÂ ® Guide (PMI, 2008) with a set of theories, principles, and practices as a frame of reference. In essence, the methodology encapsulated project cycle, budgeting, risk and manage each phase of the projects. This approach deeply rooted in current management practice. A centralized project organisational structure was established to translate proper instruction and management to the operation of the project. This was thought could efficiently and effectively facilitated projects within the organisation. In the similar vein, LF collaborated with Creative Memories (CM) to develop a project called Battery-Operated Maker (BO). The project goal was to develop a new revolutionary product which could attain the key stakeholders (CM) business and market demand. Project success was associated with achieving the project goals in which linked to the Iron Triangle Cost, Time and Quality (Atkinson R, 1999, p. 337). In another elucidation, the BOs project scouted for product differentiation, performance and functionality from any available product in the market. Due to the uniqueness of the project, it required a significant degree of technological complexity. As cited by Baccarini (2008), technology is a multi-dimensional and can be categorized into three aspects operational (equipping and sequencing of activities), characteristics of materials as well as utilization of knowledge and skills (Baccarini D, 2008). Pertaining to this discernment, evidence can be seen that BO project required ident ification of risk, development of the implementation of risk management, detail product planning, process control over the activities, and a formalized communication process. Naturally, the project depended on the role of the project manager (actors or agent) who entrusted on the goals of the projects. The project manager was requested to develop stable and predictable work processes and then improved those work processes over time through increased quality, reduced costs, and shorter delivery times. Habitually, the project undertook typical multiple process phases from the initial processing phase, Planning Process Phase till Execution Process Phase. In each of the phases, a series of predetermined activities have been determined. Not surprisingly, a major discrepancy and the deficiency were discovered during the execution stage, despite a systematic implementation steps and phases of the product cycle had been undertaken. Technically, the BO Maker could not fulfil the basic product functionality requirement or specification. Evidently, the non-systemic techniques including risk evaluation and management were incapable to encapsulate what need to be managed. Additionally, the conventional PM was solely focused narrowly on individual functions and tasks. In the end, the project ended with customer termination. The failure epitomized the concern and triggered a consensus that the current non-systemic, linear and reductionistic method had stretched to the limit, and another approach and perspective in understanding and managing the complexity of projects has to be instigated. Thus far, there are commonly a handful types of frameworks that were encapsulated with the aim of interpreting and understanding PD Linear, Recursive, Chaotic and CAS (McCarthy IP, et. al., 2006). In this section, due to the scope of the review, the restriction is given to Linear and CAS framework. Linear PD framework originates from the conventional PM methodology that emphases on a series of steps, phases and multifunctional activities which are sequential and discrete (McCarthy I.P, et. al., 2006). Best known linear PD framework is Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK). PMBOKÂ ® Guide (PMI, 2008) outlines a set of theories, principles, efficiency and control practices as a frame of reference which navigate throughout the project cycle and manages by coordinating each phase of the projects. The processes were determined by the communication, cooperation and coordination of the teams that participated in the PD process (PMI, 2008). The critical assumption of the linear PD framework is that through a predetermined set of activities and dependence, the goal of the PD can be achieved effectively (Bonner, et.al, 2002; Levardy V, et.al, 2009). However, as per stated in the definition of a project, it represents an attempt to achieve a projects goal that is still uncertain, complex and ambiguous. In the main, the conventional theories and practices incapable to distinguish all of the disparate risk and uncertainty surrounding projects (Steward R, et.al, 1995). As such, this resonates with negative perspective that why so many projects failed. A survey conducted by KPMG Canada 1997 (calleam.com, Aug 2016) shows a staggering statistic of 61% surveyed organisations have suffered an unsuccessful failure rate. Even though linear framework can reveal any inappropriate process structure can deteriorate or even jeopardise any PD project, however, this reductionist technique inclined to disregard other contributing factors such as elements of interaction between disparate risk (Steward, R, et.al, 1995), flexibility, informality, feedback and autonomy (McCarthy IP, et. al., 2006). On the other side of spectrum, in response to the uncertainty, ambiguous, complexity of a new PD as well as unclear path to a projects designated goal and objective, this has triggered the consensus that the current conventional methodologies of the project development (PD) is insufficient and inappropriate to cope and adapt to the ever-changing environment pace (Vidal AL, et. al, 2008). Profoundly, PD is a non-linear and iterative sequence process (Levardy, et.al., 2009). According to numerous works of literature, a project can be considered as systems (Vidal A.L, et. al, 2008; Baccarini, 1996). A system is a perceived whole whose elements interconnected together because they continually affect each other over time and operate towards common purposes (Senge P, et.al, 2011). Alternatively, Vidal Ludovic (2008) contended that project complexity is the property of a project which makes it difficult to understand, foresee and keep under control its overall behaviour even when given a complete information about the project system. Its drivers are factors related to project size, project variety, project interdependence and project context. (Vidal A.L, et.al, 2008) Whereas, David Baccarini competed that their complexity is defined as consisting of many varied interrelated parts and can be operationalized in terms of differentiation and interdependence through the concept of organisational and technological complexity (Baccarini D, 1996). Not surprisingly, the above interpretation of complexity mirrors systems theory and it shares a lot of commonalities. Systems that exhibit the characteristic of complexity theory is known as a complex adaptive system (CAS) (Aritua et. al, 2009, p. 76). In another elucidation, in accordance to Plsek and Greenhalgh (2001, p.625), a CAS is a collection of individual agents with the freedom to act in ways that are not always totally predictable, and whose action are interconnected so that one agents action changes the context for other agents. In numerous kinds of literature (Aritua et al (2009), Dooley K (1997) and Lansing J.S (2003)), it is distinguishable that the attributes and the characteristic of a CAS can be summarised in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Attributes and characteristics of CAS Hence, in an organisational context, the major antecedent in a CAS model is the individual agents which are the interaction of all the stakeholders customers, project manager, suppliers, internal team members as well as the external market environment. And yet, adaptation or emergence is the major consequence (Holden, 2005). Emergence is referred to as global patterns of organisation behaviour which are established out from the local self-organisation as a consequence due to the interactions of the systems as opposed to predetermined or deterministic (Levardy V, et.al, 2009; Dooley K, et.al, 1997). Through the macro level of the organisation to the micro level, emergence can be observed as the system carries out the process of selection upon the agents that bring about the whole organization functioning (Dooley K, et.al, 1997). Henceforth, this fosters a complex dynamic between individual or micro level (bottom-up) and organisation or macro level (Top-down). The interaction between both systems are different in schemas, but are interdependent (Dooley, K, et.al, 1997). These dynamic and interdependent interactions render the global coherent pattern of organisation. In sum, these dimensions demonstrate how CAS diverges from linear systems. Fundamentally, these constructs provides a backbone of understanding project management in complex, uncertain and complicated environment. By comparing and contrasting between conventional linear PD methodologies such as PMBOK Guide in particular versus the new methodology of CAS there are significant differences between them. The differences can be demonstrated in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Comparison between Linear versus CAS framework of PD By contrasting between Linear and CAS approach of PD, it is self-evident to elicit that both have distinctive variation and methodologies. Through literature review, it is self-evident that the conventional PD methodology has significant limitations. The critical problem of the conventional PD is viewing the project as isolation with closed-loop boundary. Additionally, this methodology was predisposed by a set of theory that pre-specifying phases or steps of the processes to be undertaken through a series of control and management tools to evaluate the cost-quality-time. This resonates with the assumption of rationality due to cause-effect thinking and linearity about the control and boundaries. Nonetheless, it also disregards other essential elements such as flexibility, informality, feedback and autonomy that may affect the PD. Table 4.1 Restriction of Linear Approach versus Complement CAS framework of PD Â   Â   By contrast, in light of the complexity and uncertainty nature of the project, a CAS framework offers a powerful and useful insight in understanding the PM. By adopting the CAS framework, it is to recognize that project management within the context of PD processes are systems with agents that are interconnected through a nested network. Each subsystem or elements have the ability for autonomous decision making. Align with this notion, in the LF organisational setting, the CAS takes into account of the whole system elements such as CM, Project Management Teams, Market, Environment dimension. Furthermore, the most salient considerations are the interactions between each of the elements are semi-structures (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1997). Apart from above generic properties, it is worth noting that there are some other key insights claimed for CAS structure which are imperative in understanding the CAS framework (Chan, 2001). These are listed as follows. Distributed Control In lieu of highly structured and tightly coupled (Linear) which propagate high level of efficiency, the LF organisational structure between all the stakeholders are deliberated to be relatively unstructured and uncoupled. The resultant behaviour of the systems is due to the interrelationships between the stakeholders in the project. In other word, there is no single centralized structures that manage the overall systems behaviour under the CAS framework. Connectivity As a result of interrelationship, interaction collectively, independence as well as inter-connectivity of the system, subsystem, elements and its environment, these contribute partly to the project complexity as opposed to typical technology and organisational context of complexity. This signifies that a decision or action by one of the elements in the system will affect all other related elements, subsystem and ultimately the overall system. Adaptation and Co-evolution In response to perturbations and change, elements in a system has the capacity (semi-autonomous) to synchronize and desynchronize (also known as self-organisation) in order to adapt within their environment. Through adaptation, the systems will evolve to reveal the desired characteristic that inclined to the success of the project goals or objectives. In the LF organisation context, rather than capitulate to mechanistic prediction and quantitative analysis of conventional PM methodology, the intention is to lay prominence on the qualitative dynamical trajectories on the whole system (Garnsey, E, et.al, 2006). Sensitive Dependence The interaction between elements is in non-linear fashion (Aritua B, et. al, 2007; McCarthy IP, et. al, 2006). In another sense, CAS are sensitive and small changes can have a surprisingly counterintuitive influence/implication to the overall behaviour in the form of butterfly effect or complying with Power Law Distribution rather than following the normal Gaussian Distribution (Garnsey, E, et.al., 2006). Similarly, this phenomenon signal a fruitful understanding the repercussion of the reciprocal interaction between any elements of the stakeholder in LF project setting either in reinforcing or balancing feedback loop. Thus, in real project setting, the emergent behaviour of the project is fundamentally unpredictable in nature. As opposed to Linear approach, long-term prediction and control are not essential to be practicable in CAS framework. Far-from-Equilibrium Attributable to the non-linear nature of the dynamical system, any change in processes happens far-from equilibrium, in contrast with linear system that accepted the concept of a system having equilibrium (Newtonian Paradigm) (Dooley, K, 1997). It is clear that the crux of this argument centers on how opened systems are obligated to discover any opportunities that might create different structures and new patterns of relationship as opposed to isolated systems evolve toward equilibrium, an unchanging state. On the other side of the spectrum, it could be also observed that CAS posits some limitation. Firstly, it does not depict the operational detail. Moreover, it is very challenging to understand or even visualizing by modelling the collective behaviour pattern of the organisation. In addition, the most salient observation is that since the process consequences are random, this lead to misconception that it is therefore unpredictable. Â  Given the rise of the present complexity and uncertainty environment, the application of the CAS framework to the evolutionary changes in PM, as opposed to the Newtonian paradigm that based on linear theory, has caught substantial attention. Based on literature review, the conventional PM (prescribed projects as simple, linear, centralised, reductionistic, deterministic, predictable, decomposability) provides less value to the contemporary nature of projects. This resonates to the assumption that the conventional PM initiative is over-emphasizing on the process efficiency and effectiveness by achieving the basic Iron-Triangle requirement. On the other hand, the literature review proposes and supports that CAS framework takes a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the development of complex projects. Having said that, through the inherent properties of non-linearity, self-organising as well as the co-evolution that cascades the emergent order of the system, this leads to believe that the complex system is essentially challenging to predict with enough veracity. These attributes are the essential elements in understanding on how to manage projects. Obviously, it is self-evident that it is to define CAS is broad, complicated and often difficult to grasp. Besides, CAS has often been misunderstood that due to randomness, the system cannot be predicted.

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs To Drive Growth

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs To Drive Growth The term Entrepreneur covers individuals who have vision and skill and are capable of converting vision in to action for the good of the society. Due to changes in demand in the Market, there is a scope for a class of people on large-scale who can convert the available resources into good of society, called Entrepreneurs. So, a person who possess skill, initiative and innovative ideas for high achievements in business, and important qualities of an Entrepreneurship is taking the risk and making the necessary investments under the conditions of uncertainty. Entrepreneurship is a process of understanding opportunities in the environment, with respect to one`s own abilities, with a view to create wealth for oneself through a legal entity. A close relationship exists between opportunity and individual needs. To be an Entrepreneurial opportunity, a prospect must meet two tests: it must represent a desirable future state, involving growth or at least change and the individual must believe it is possible to reach that state. So, Entrepreneurship is understood by, being innovative, risk taking, dynamic, flexible, growth-oriented, creative, starting and operating new ventures. Now is the time for Women to venture into the Entrepreneurial world. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, Knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, indulged in every line of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women are women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flouris hing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognised and are more prominent in the business world. 2010 was the first time ever there were more women in the work force than men. In terms of women-owned businesses, between 1997 and 2011 there was a 50% increase, while male owned business only grew 25% (According to American Express Report). Why Women make excellent Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age? How Women are dominating the entrepreneurs landscape and are using their skills to succeed. As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households. Also technology advancements are making a virtual workplace attainable for women, who are looking to balance family and their career. In the digital landscape, women tend to possess certain skills that create a competitive advantage. Strong Communication Skills Social Intelligence. Good Listeners. Collaborative. Prefer Lower Risk. A dynamic Entrepreneurship sector is one of the various factors for prosperity of economy which is necessary to leverage the wealth and innovation capacity of the developed countries. This conceptual paper indicates and emphasizes the Women Entrepreneurs as the potentially emerging human resources in the 21st century to overcome the economic challenges in global perspective. Key Words: Entrepreneur: Individual holding vision for creating opportunity for economic growth. Challenges: Impediments on the way towards achievement of final goal. Opportunities: Chances for developing professionally or personally. Methodology: This is a concept paper and the researcher has adopted the method of reviewing different research articles, research journals and case studies to collect data about entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship which is consequently incorporated as a concept paper drafted by the researcher. ******* INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEUR/ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Entrepreneurship is often associated with a person who starts his own, new and small business, like manufacturing, transport, trade and all other self-employed vocations in the service sector. But not every new small business is Entrepreneurial or represents Entrepreneurship. In the early 1th century, the Frenchmen, who organised and led military expeditions were offered to ad Entrepreneur. Around 1700 A.D. the term was used for architects and contractors of public work. The term Entrepreneur was applied to business initially in the 18th century by the French Economist, Cantillon, who was designated as a dealer who purchases the means of production for combining them into marketable products. Another Frenchman, J.B. Say expanded Cantillon`s idea and conceptualized the Entrepreneur as a organizer of business firm, central to its distributive and productive functions. According to J.B Say, An Entrepreneur is the economic agent who unites all means of production, the labour force of the one and the capital or land of the others and who finds in the value of the produces which results from their employment, the reconstitution of the entire capital that he utilizes and the value of wages the interest and the rent which he pays as well as profits belonging to himself. According to current thinking, Entrepreneurship is the ability of a person who detects and evaluates a new situation in his environment and directs the making of such adjustment in the economic system as he deems necessary. The term Entrepreneur covers individuals who have vision and skill and are capable of converting vision in to action for the good of the society. Due to changes in demand in the market there is a scope for a class of people on large-scale who can convert the available resources into good of society, called Entrepreneurs. During the above process, the Entrepreneur nee ds to discharge several functions to succeed in his activities like, innovation, risk bearing, decision making, planning, controlling..etc. and should possess entrepreneurial skills like technical skills, managerial skills and personal skills. In India, the Entrepreneurial development programmes are taking place to develop entrepreneurs, like, sharpening individual behaviour and traits, guidance on project planning and development of business opportunities that come in the way, and developing managerial and operational capabilities. These activities are very important in the economic growth of the country. Since, the small-scale Industries are forming a major part of the economic growth of the country, the importance of the Entrepreneur is gaining momentum and they are the need of the hour to have a rapid economic growth. Entrepreneurship is not just confined to any one gender now rather due to multi-faceted economic pressures women have turned up and realized that the survival of their families their own potential lies only in working side by side with men. Marlow, (2002). Education of woman have no doubt given them immense confidence encouragement to serve discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a great extent as far as geographical boundaries are concerned. Globally women are considered as weaker gender physically and emotionally, therefore prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite unexplored and needs attention. Wennekers, (1999). Overcoming the challenges of business world are no doubt more treacherous for women than their male counterparts, therefore they undergo various impediments to achieve their business success. Allen and truman, (1993). Fortunately due to technological advancement means of communication the world has turned into a global community which has created new channels opened up avenues for women to explore not only their potential aptitudes rather search for better business opportunities. Carter, (2001). ENTREPRENUERSHIP FOR WOMEN: A question arises here that what Entrepreneurship means for a woman? How a women conceives the idea of Entrepreneurship? Definition: An enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risk and handle economic uncertainty involved in running a business enterprise. Why do Women Take-up Employment? Push Factors Death of bread winner Sudden fall in family income Permanent inadequacy in income of the family Pull Factors Women`s desire to evaluate their talent To utilize their free time or education Need and perception of Women`s Liberation, Equity etc. To gain recognition, importance and social status. To get economic independence Third category Illiterate women Financially week Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc. INDIAN SCENARIO: The Indian woman play very many roles, pure, supreme or virtues to vice or downtrodden. Constantly, the role is also undergoing several changes. While playing their role, Indian Women are confronted with contradictions. Because of these contradictions, they are unable to identify themselves with the society. The attitude, perceptions, roles..etc of Indian Women look like an assembly of diverse fragments. This perplexed situation of Indian women has made it very difficult to define their roles and they cannot identify their roles for themselves. Because of this plain truth assuming the role of entrepreneur and leadership for an Indian Women was a difficult task. But still times have changed. The present society is freeing the Indian Women from the chains and shackles of centuries. This is slow but definitely shift over is happening for the following reasons: The concept of Globalization is accepted in a big way. The sudden emerging trend in information technology and its percolation to every segment of life. Adoption of diversified culture in the Indian society due to globalization and other inherent ethos of Indian society. Unexpected happenings around the world and their impact on Indian society. Change in socio-cultural context due to increased education for women since independence. Change in political ideology and governance of the country. But, In India, the role of Women Entrepreneur is no less significant. Nearly 9% of total Entrepreneurs in small industries are women entrepreneurs. State-wise distribution shows a wide variation between different states. Punjab accounts for 3%, Gujarat occupies the top position with 15%. The areas chosen by women are retail trade, restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning, insurance and manufacturing. GROWTH PATH: Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found indulged in every line of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India, although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognized and are more prominent in the business world. In nineteen seventies, Women entrepreneurship began in is real sense. By this time, the first generation after Independence had completed their education. Educated women to fulfil their aspirations and ambitions began opting for self-employment. This was an active step not taken out of compulsions or helplessness, but with zeal to make a better life. In this decade, women were in transition period. They could not come out fully from traditional activities of looking after home, their in-laws, parents, husbands and children. A t the same time they has to get into autonomous economic activities. This was a challenge. Eighties and Nineties saw a sea change in women entrepreneurship domain. These were the decades of the breakthrough for women to become entrepreneurs in many fields. They developed courage to make new beginnings. Parents also developed a new thinking. The traditional practice of making only progeny as a business partner in family owned businesses, (law of Inheritance supporting this), parents started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical services. Parents started taking their female children as partners in their businesses. Government also supported this new thinking by making amendments to Succession Act. Legislations said that both male and female have equal rights in the inherited property. This coupled with professional education made young ladies to get into self employment. Many became partners in their family owned business. Good number of lady doctors opened their own clinics. Engineering graduated started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical services. They also got into service areas like CA, Advocates, Hospitality business and good number opened secretarial offices. Good percentage of women took to small business activities. Today we can see many women entrepreneurs in small business. In earlier Five year plans, women entrepreneurship concept was not significantly considered. Only in recent plans, particularly after Eight Five Year Plan, Women Empowerment concept came to lime light. From this plan onwards, women started working on new frontiers. The new generation of women did not think on the lines of their mothers. They stated developing independent activities. They had aspirations and ambitions. Taking to self-employment was not out of compulsion or helplessness. It became a desired choice of many ladies to design and develop their own enterprise. Women started thinking that self-employment as an integral aspect of their life. They started thinking on the lines selecting their own careers. Adopting own occupation for income generation without deviating much from the social system is becoming a key factor in a woman`s life. Besides having home and children, women have started thinking to have an independent occupation. While accepting the traditional people behaviour, from older generation, women today expect understanding and support from their husbands and children to have their occupational choice. As entrepreneurs, women want their voice to be heard as leaders, as they are capable of contributing to the growth and success of their enterprise. But the Indian women entrepreneurs are facing some major constraints like a) Lack of confidence: In general, women lack confidence in their strength and competence. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship. b) Socio-cultural barriers: Womens family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority. c) Market-oriented risks: Stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility of women make the dependence of women entrepreneurs on middleman indispensable. Many business women find it difficult to capture the market and make their products popular. They are not fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence can effectively utilize the services of media and internet. d) Motivational factors: Self motivation can be realized through a mind set for a successful business, attitude to take up risk and behaviour towards the business society by shouldering the social responsibilities. Other factors are family support, Government policies, financial assistance from public and private institutions and also the environment suitable for women to establish business units. e) Knowledge in Business Administration: Women must be educated and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network. f) Awareness about the financial assistance: Various institutions in the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions. So the sincere efforts taken towards women entrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas. g) Exposed to the training programs: Training programs and workshops for every type of entrepreneur is available through the social and welfare associations, based on duration, skill and the purpose of the training program. Such programs are really useful to new, rural and young entrepreneurs who want to set up a small and medium scale unit on their own. h) Identifying the available resources: Women are hesitant to find out the access to cater their needs in the financial and marketing areas. In spite of the mushrooming growth of associations, institutions, and the schemes from the government side, women are not enterprising and dynamic to optimize the resources in the form of reserves, assets mankind or business volunteers. Highly educated, technically sound and professionally qualified women should be encouraged for managing their own business, rather than dependent on wage employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be identified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase the productivity in the industrial sector. A desirable environment is necessary for every woman to inculcate entrepreneurial values and involve greatly in business dealings. The additional business opportunities that are recently approaching for women entrepreneurs are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Eco-friendly technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bio-technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IT enabled enterprises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Event Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tourism industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Telecommunication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plastic materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vermin-culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral water à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sericulture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Floriculture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Herbal health care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Food, fruits vegetable processing Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering their growth must be eradicated to entitle full participation in the business. Apart from training programs, Newsletters, mentoring, trade fairs and exhibitions also can be a source for entrepreneurial development. As a result, the desired outcomes of the business are quickly achieved and more of remunerative business opportunities are found. Henceforth, promoting entrepreneurship among women is certainly a short-cut to rapid economic growth and development. Let us try to eliminate all forms of gender discrimination and thus allow women to be an entrepreneur at par with men. Women Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age: Why Women Make Excellent Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age 2010 was the first time ever there were more women in the work force than men. In terms of women-owned businesses, between 1997 and 2011 there was a 50% increase, while male-owned business only grew by 25% ( American Express report). Women are dominating the entrepreneur landscape and are using their skills to succeed. HOW.WHY ? As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households.(as briefed above with push and pull factors) Also, technology advancements are making a virtual workplace attainable for women, who are looking to balance family and their career. By creating a more mobile environment, flexibility is achievable . Womens Competitive Edge: In the digital landscape, there is a stronger growth in women entrepreneurs than men, they could use these skills, many naturally possess, to achieve success. The studies conducted by many scholars with reference to Women competitive edge, believes women tend to possess certain skills that create a competitive advantage like, Strong Communication Skills Social Intelligence Good Listeners Ambitious Enthusiastic Patience Determination to Excel Collaborative Prefer Lower Risk Do womens strong communication and social skills make them more equipped to thrive in our post-industrial digital age? In short, do women have specific skills whether the result of biology or social conditioning that can help them succeed as entrepreneurs? The review of literature reveals, helping entrepreneurs and small business owners launch their brands, It is strongly believed there are several traditionally feminine leadership qualities that are more significant now than ever. 5 reasons why women make great entrepreneurs in the digital era: Is todays business environment more aspiring for female entrepreneurs? Take a look at the points below and let us know whether you think theyre true or not. 1. Women possess strong communication skills and social intelligence. The digital economy requires these skills, and women enjoy a slight edge over their male counterparts (according to numerous studies). 2. Women make good listeners. Whether due to biology or cultural conditioning, women tend to be better listeners and are stronger at drawing people into conversation. This translates to several advantages for the entrepreneur, who can better attune herself to customer needs and build more effective teams of employees, contractors and partners. In fact, many women entrepreneurs often describe building their business as building a team. 3. Women collaborate. Women have worked well together since the earliest female enterprises, whether dividing grains in the village or working in quilting bees. Even some of todays cultural stereotypes have legs, for instance, womens joint trips to the restroom! A 2009 Time magazine article by Claire Shipman and Katty Kay says, [Women are] consensus builders, conciliators and collaborators, and they employ what is called a transformational leadership style heavily engaged, motivational, extremely well suited for the emerging, less hierarchical workplace. The article, entitled Women Will Rule Business, cited projections from the Chartered Management Institute in the UK. Looking ahead to 2018, CMI believes the work world will be more fluid and virtual, and the demand for female management skills will be stronger than ever. 4.Women prefer lower risk. Researchers have begun focusing on the relationship between testosterone and excessive risk, thus evaluating whether groups of men spur each other toward reckless decisions. Whether testosterone influences decision-making or not, research shows that, as a whole, women prefer lower risk opportunities and are willing to settle for lower returns. Virtual workplaces and digitally mobile lifestyles give aspiring women entrepreneurs the flexibility to achieve the balance between work and family. Digital tools mean that women can now build a business from home and create unique work schedules. Risk aversion may go hand-in-hand with motivations for starting a business. A 2007 study from the Small Business Administration (Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs Really That Different?) observes the differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the U.S. The results found that male owners are more likely to start a business to make money, and have higher expectations for their business. Women are more likely to prioritize that business and personal lives work in harmony. The digital age offers a wealth of low-risk opportunities. Ventures like blogging, web-based services, e-commerce and software development require smaller upstart costs than manufacturing-based, brick and mortar type businesses. Cloud-based tools and virtual workforces further lower the cost of entry, making the idea of starting a business more feasible and/or palatable for risk-averse entrepreneurs. But a strength can also be a weakness. Yes, the tendency to minimize risk can lead to higher success rates for female entrepreneurs. However, risk-phobia can also mean women are more likely to limit the size of their businesses, and less likely pursue outside funding from investors to fuel growth. On an average, men-owned firms are larger than women-owned firms. Its up to each individual business owner to define the goals of his or her business. If a woman chooses to pursue a smaller business venture that lets her balance her business and personal life in more harmony, more power to her. For now, I think we should celebrate the growth in women entrepreneurs, but also wonder if woman-owned high growth startups are an under-utilized resource in our economy. Its time we made space for the underdog if that term even applies anymore. What do you want to say? Click here to cancel reply. Next generation of female entrepreneurs at heart of business The next generation of entrepreneurs bucking the economic trend by putting values back at the heart of business. And women are giving men a run for their money. The successful female social entrepreneurs as role models for women in business and aspiring female entrepreneurs. Unlike the private sector, women who set up and run a business with a social or community purpose are as widespread as their male counterparts. At the risk of generalizing, women have a real advantage in leadership that might be a great advantage in the business world. They can act and lead while staying tuned into their colleagues. Being confident enough to use that is crucial. Women leaders shouldnt try to be one of the guys. They can use their natural gifts to their advantage. Sam Baumber, Business Development Manager at the Social Enterprise Academy says that female social entrepreneurs are the role models for business leaders in the current economic climate. Women who are leading successful social enterprises are role models for women thinking about setting up their own business. In the current climate social enterprise is thriving and these inspiring women prove that values of team work and emotional intelligence that women often bring as leaders can help build successful and resilient businesses. Many of our graduates who started with an idea and burning passion and have developed into leading female social entrepreneurs in India and we hope their success stories will help others with an idea to make it happen. « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches Women in Business Challenge 2013: Empowering Women Entrepreneurs to Drive Growth-some success stories: 1st Successful Women Entrepreneur: Priyanka Malhotra. Priyanka Malhotra is successful women entrepreneur in India. She is operating the business of book publishing and also devotes her time in cafe business. She did graduated in printing and publishing from London college of publishing. She also holda the degree of M.Sc in media and communication field. After this, she came to India and became successful business women in Delhi. Priyanka thinks differently about the idea of scaling her businesses. 2nd Successful Women Entrepreneur- Bhawana Kakkar: Bhawana Kakkar is young graduate women in painting and arts. She did also postgraduate in Art history from Baroda University. She has huge experience in fashion designing in India and she opened Art gallery. She is also publishing magazine named Take-Simple Black. 3rd Successful Women Entrepreneur Manju Bharatram: Mr. Manju Bharatram was a simple child for whom school wasn`t happy experience. Just like many other. And the day she saw her own children feeling the same as well, she became a social entrepreneur. 4th Successful Women Entrepreneur Rajashree Birla: Rajashree Birla is a successful women entrepreneur and chairperson of Aditya Birla Centre for Community and rural development. Her focus is on the all-round development of the communities around our plants located mostly in distanct rural and tribal belts. All our group companies, Grasim, Hindalco, Aditya Birla NMuvo, Indo Gulf and Ultra Tech have Rural Development Cells which are the implementation bodies. 5th Successful Women Entreprenuer-Shruti: Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of Pennsylvania and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came back India after in USA and started her own hotel business and became a successful women entrepreneur in India.  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches Conclusion Entrepreneurship is presently the most discussed and encouraged concept all over the world to overcome economic challenges. Women being the vital gender of the overall population have great capacity and potential to be the contributor in the overall economic development of any nation. Therefore, programs and policies need to be customized to not just encourage entrepreneurship as well as implement strategies which can help support entrepreneurial culture among youth. Media has the potential to play the most vital role in entrepreneurial development by creating and highlighting all such platforms which can bring out the creativity and innovation among the women and men to grow entrepreneurship culture in society. Developing countries are definitely in dire need to encourage women entrepreneurship as women workforce is promptly available to exploit the unexplored dimensions of business ventures. Developed nations should primarily focus on entrepreneurial educational programs in order t o develop women entrepreneurs.

Existentialism In No Exit Essay -- essays research papers

In his play, No Exit, Jean-Paul Sartre examines basic themes of existentialism through three characters. The first subject, Garcin, embraces existentialist ideas somewhat. The second character, Inez, seems to fully understand ideas deemed existential. Estelle is the third person, and does not seem to understand these ideas well, nor does she accept them when they are first presented to her. One similarity amongst the three is that they all at some point seem to accept that they are in Hell for a reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Garcin admittedly is in Hell because he was unkind and unfaithful to his wife. He however, does not wish he had acted differently, for he says, “I tell you I regret nothing (p. 24).'; In this respect of acknowledging and owning up to his actions, Garcin is following existentialist laws. However, he sometimes violates them. For example, he is so preoccupied with the idea that he is a coward that he demands the women to renounce this and declare his masculinity. He is so dependent upon this that he refuses to engage in sexual activity with Estelle until she affirms him. This is anti-existential because according to its principles, he should not have to rely on others for confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inez is in Hell because she had seduced her cousin’s wife, then conspired to make his life miserable, until he finally stepped in front of a tram and was killed. Inez also brought a lot of guilt upon her lover, Floren...

History of the Oil Industry :: essays research papers

Oil The oil industry has been around for many millennia now. In the Middle East oil seeped through the ground and it was used in many ways. It was used to waterproof their ships, painting, and even for light. But the rest of the world, for some time, had relied on another oil produced by whales. But overtime the modern world had slowly reverted back to using oil from the ground. As the industry of refining crude oil arose, many people started small firms. But one man had a much greater vision, John D. Rockefeller, as his strength in the oil world grew to unheard of proportions, many of the smaller Businesses were dying off. Manny people and companies started to protest Rockefeller’s enormous control of the market. Eventually, his company was forced to brake up by the United States Supreme Court. In the present, there are many oil companies and there isn’t one monopoly. These companies are finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that the oil industry will stretch much further into the future. As humanity slowly started to grow into the modern civilization that it is today there were many things it needed to master. For a long time fire was the primary tool of choice, but as people grew more intelligent they began to seek new ways of lighting and energy. At first oil was used to waterproof ships, pots, and crate paintings. The Greeks had also mastered oil to create and awesome weapon from it. It was called "Greek Fire" they would compress the oil and shoot it out of a tube onto enemy ships, as it was being shoot out it was lit on fire. This caused great damage to enemy ships, but also made the Greeks seems immensely powerful. But over time, the use of oil was overshadowed by the use of whale oil. At the time it was fairly inexpensive and extremely plentiful. But over time, the demand for oil grew so large, that the wails were being over killed and the supply began to dwindle driving prices to raise immensely. As the old way of fueling their energy needs ran out, there was a search for a new way. This is where crude oil was re-introduced. To light there lamps whale oil was no longer needed, but kerosene was now being used widely.

Separation of Powers in the American Democracy

Separation of powers provides our government with a system of checks and balances, a way to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful. This concept was important in the creation of our government because it prevented one central government. Our Framers wanted to avoid a government that was run by one person, or one super powerful group. In order to effectively put their theory to work, they actually separated the powers between each branch of government. The three branches of our government consist of the Legislative Branch, The Executive Branch, and the Judicial Branch. While each branch does hold some authority over the other two, they are still politically independent of one another. Let me explain further how the separation of powers works. The Legislative Branch’s powers include passing all federal laws, the ability to override a president’s veto, declaring war, enacting taxes, and it can even impeach the president. The Executive Branch’s responsibilities include veto power over all bills, making treaties, pardon power, and it ensures all laws are carried out. Lastly, the Judicial Branch has the power to try federal cases and it can also rule that laws or executive acts are unconstitutional. As stated earlier, each branch has authorities, or checks over the other two. We know that the Executive Branch has the power to carry out laws. The Legislative and Judicial branches check over the Executive Branch in this manner because even though they are enforcing the laws, the Legislative Branch is the one with the ability to fund the laws and other executive actions, while the Judicial Branch interprets them. And, though the Legislative Branch has the power to impeach the president, a Chief Justice (a member of the Judicial Branch) sits as President of the Senate during this time. Each branch works together to ensure the other is doing what it’s supposed to be doing. I believe the Framers thought separation of powers was so important because their goal from the beginning was to establish a government that was unlike any other. Our Framers wanted to make sure that the government they were creating would be able to withstand itself over time. The Framers wanted to show they had faith (not much, but a little) in their fellow citizens by giving them the power to vote and make decisions. Giving the power to the people was the aim of our new government. By leaving behind countries where dictators ruled the people, and where Kings and Queens passed down authority from generation to generation, our Framers did everything they could to make sure our new government would not become what they disliked so much. Separation of powers preserves the ideas and wants of our Framers, and that is why I believe a system of checks and balances to be so important. References http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_cnb.html http://americanhistory.about.com/od/usconstitution/a/checks_balances.htm http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/12/what-separation-of-powers-means-for-constitutional-government

Do Black People Have Equality with Whit People in the Us in Teh 21st Century?

It was just fifty years ago that racial segregation was one of the defining features of American society. Blacks were forced to exist separately from the rest of America – physically, economically, and socially – so reducing them to a second- or even third-class status which denied them their basic rights. The famous court case: â€Å"brown v the board of education†, raised awareness of segregation was the first major step towards change. Education is a basic necessity for every young person whatever their background is. Due to the influences that slavery has had, public education was only designed for white people. Even though black children attended schools, these were often deprived, due to the lack of facilities available. Segregation is a form of racial discrimination, keeping black and white people apart. Thousands of people suffered from segregation, whether they were made to give up their seat on the bus or if they were simply forced to live in certain areas. The lack of education has meant that black people have no chance for moving up in the world. With poor qualifications, they would have poor jobs prospects, working long hours and being paid next to nothing. Their children have no chance of moving up in the world. They have no chance of attending college let alone university or if they do they are unable to pay the tuition fees. The low percent that do manage to go there, have to work part-time or join the army in order to pay the fees. Poor jobs mean poor housing, which in turn means living in poor neighborhoods resulting in violence due to guns, alcohol, drugs. All this means that there is a higher chance of dying younger. Poor jobs also lead to poverty and a poor diet and bad health. In the 1960’s the civil rights movement lead by Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. fought for the rights of Black people. Both men believed in the same idea that equality was enshrined the constitution ‘that all men are created equal’. However, this was not being implemented. Both men went about achieving this in two different ways. Martin Luther King believed in a peaceful protest, whereas Malcolm X believed that violence was the key. There still isn’t enough black representation in the political system. Lack of political representation means that it has been difficult to enforce their rights. To conclude, the legacy of slavery has been the cause of the inequality between black and white people. Despite attempts to improve the lives of black people there has been only limited success . I think that the inequality of which black people suffer, has been caused by slavery. Without slavery having existed, would all men be equal?

Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1 Essay

â€Å"Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1; what does his language tell us about his character and motivation? How does it compare with his language in the rest of the act†? Iago seems to be presented as a Machiavellian villain; he is cunning and always seems to know what’s going to happen. In Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1 Scene3, he says of Roderigo â€Å"thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. This conveys Iago’s character as superior and manipulative. Iago states that Roderigo is a â€Å"fool†; a stupid moron. He also calls him a â€Å"snipe† which is a small bird which also is used to mean unintellegent. Iago refers to Roderigo possessively, referring to him as â€Å"my fool† as if the extent of his own influence makes Roderigo his own possession (as with â€Å"my purse†; purse being an object that is owned). By saying â€Å"I even make† Iago is implying that manipulating a â€Å"fool† for their money is a usual activity for him, as if he always does this. Iago holds such little respect for Roderigo and feels himself so superior that he â€Å"should profane if [he] time expend with such †¦ But for [his] sport and profit†. He’s claiming that Roderigo is so beneath him that it is only for the money (â€Å"profit†) and the game he plays with the characters (â€Å"sport†) that he’d ever bother wasting his time with such an idiot. This seems to be revealing of Iago’s attitude toward social classes. Just because another character is richer or has higher social standing this does not mean that he has any extra respect for them. Taking into account that England in the Elizabethan era worked with strict social classes I think that Shakespeare uses Iago’s lack of respect for the system as another way of demonising him. He is the villain because he believes himself to be superior to everyone else. Iago is Othello’s ‘ancient’. However, Iago obviously feels he is superior to his master. Iago likens Othello to a donkey; a dull, stupid animal. Iago says Othello will â€Å"be led by th’ nose. As asses are†. Asses, or donkeys, are literally led by the nose with a harness. Might the harness be the society they are both part of? This implies that Othello is not free. It implies that he is tamed, obedient, dependent and without a mind of his own. It is Iago’s intention to use this harness to lead Othello to his ruin. In act 1 scene 1 Iago reveals his views on the roles of master and servant (in his case ancient) to Roderigo. Iago’s opinions show his perceived superiority in his character. Iago says how there are â€Å"many a duteous and knee crooking knave that†¦wears out his time, much like his master’s ass†. He is saying that the dutiful are â€Å"knee crooking†, meaning that they bow down, accepting their inferiority. To say that a subordinate â€Å"wears out his time much like his master’s ass† shows how he feels that they waste their lives being another’s workhorse while receiving none of the profits. In this respect Iago feels himself above Othello. By later referring to Othello as an â€Å"ass† he could be the â€Å"knee crooking knave† to the governors of Venice. This is what I feel is supposed to be conveyed by the line: â€Å"were I the Moor, I would not be Iago†. Iago is resentful of the lack of recognition he has received from his society. I would say that Iago has motivation against his society. He misses out on promotion and Cassio takes the position. He resents Cassio for being better educated and of higher social standing. From scene 1 Iago says â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place† when telling Roderigo of being passed over for promotion. I think that Shakespeare has Iago say this because he’s supposed to be resentful of the lack of recognition he’s received. By saying â€Å"I know my price† he is also saying that no-one else perceives his worth. Iago mentions that Cassio is â€Å"a Florentine† while disrespectfully describing him. That Shakespeare has Iago mention this means that it is relevant. Perhaps that Iago disapproves of a Florentine being promoted in a Venetian army shows he has a kind of respect for the society he’s in. If he is ambitious then he is ambitious toward the higher roles/accomplishments of his own society; Venice. Iago may also feel he has not been duly acknowledged for the fighting he has done for the causes of Venice â€Å"at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christian and Heathen†. By not being advanced he may have felt the sacrifices he made were not appreciated, as if he’d been cheated, which may explain why he cheats so much in the conventions of his society. Iago is presented as being a very effective user of language. He seems to know exactly the right language to use in order to affect the decisions of the other characters. When bating Brabantio he uses course language about his family to infuriate him. Instead of merely informing Brabantio of his daughter’s whereabouts and who she is with Iago tells him that â€Å"your daughter and the moor are now making the beast with two backs†. â€Å"Making the beast with two backs† is a crude euphemism for having sex. â€Å"Beast† implies that the sex is ugly and savage. Iago uses the word ‘moor’ instead of his name, Othello, to bring attention to his race as opposed to his high rank and standing in Venice. Iago knows how to offend. He immediately starts referring to Brabantio’s family in animal terms; â€Å"you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins and jennets for germans†. In the Elizabethan era it was probably a taboo to have a mixed race marriage probably because people of African origins would have been considered inferior. This is a reason why Iago refers to Othello as a horse (â€Å"coursers for cousins†). As a further example of Iago’s ability to alarm through his seemingly perverted perception would be â€Å"you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse†. Iago alarms him by conjuring bestial imagery. Bestiality is sacrilegious, which a few hundred years ago was more important than it is now. Perhaps this sacrilegious imagery influenced Brabantio to rationalise his daughter’s behaviour as witchcraft. Shakespeare presents Iago as an effective liar. This must be the case as Othello refers to him in Act one as â€Å"Honest Iago†. He also describes him as â€Å"a man he is of honesty and trust†. Despite Iago keeping Roderigo’s presents to Desdemona for himself he still can convince him of his trustworthiness. When reassuring Roderigo he says â€Å"I have professed me thy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness†. By claiming that he is Roderigo’s ‘professed’ friend and that he’s prepared to help him with everlasting strength he convinces of his honesty. Iago also successfully manipulates Roderigo by repeatedly suggesting (instructing really) to â€Å"put money in thy purse† so as he can take it from him. Iago repeats this six times. Iago also convinces Roderigo to do his biddings by distracting him with his philosophies; â€Å"Our bodies are our gardens, to which are wills are gardeners†. In this speech Iago basically turns Roderigo’s loss into his own gain.